Archive for the ‘standard mileage deduction’ Tag
Back To Basics Part XI – Form 2106 Employee Business Expenses
Filed under: Back to Basics | Tags: 2%, 2106, 2106-EZ, actual expenses, cell phone, clothing, DMV fees, Gas, insurance, Lease payments, Logo, logoed, miscellaneous itemized deductions, not subject to two percent, overnight travel, repairs, standard mileage deduction, two percent limit, uniform, union dues
Leave a comment Originally published in the Cedar Street Times
March 6, 2015
Looking back over the past four months in our Back To Basics series, we have covered the 1040, Schedule A – Itemized Deductions, Schedule B – Interest and Ordinary Dividends, Schedule C – Profit or Loss from Business, Schedule D – Capital Gains and Losses, Schedule E – Supplemental Income and Loss (i.e. – rental properties), and Schedule F – Profit or Loss from Farming. If you would like to catch up on our Back to Basics series on personal tax returns, prior articles are republished on my website at www.tlongcpa.com/blog . We are now going to shift our attention to a few common supporting forms in your tax returns.
Form 2106 – Employee Business Expenses is our topic today. Unreimbursed employee business expenses documented on this form feed into the section near the bottom of Schedule A called Job Expenses and Certain Miscellaneous Deductions. Any expenses you incur that are necessary and ordinary to your profession for which you are not reimbursed by your employer are potentially tax deductible. Note that these expenses do not have to be required by your employer. They can be common and expected expenses in your profession, or they could simply be items that are helpful and appropriate. Clearly there is a lot of judgement in this standard, but it is not a blank check.
Common expenses include the use of your vehicle for work purposes (other than to and from your home), 50 percent of meals and entertainment expenses (often in sales related positions), union dues, educational conferences, trade magazines, books, classes, etc. in your job field. Overnight travel expenditures such as lodging, meals (50 percent), airfare, and car rentals could be deductible. A portion of your cell phone or internet service fees could be deductible. If you have a home office in lieu of a regular office and it is for the convenience of the employer (not for your convenience), then a percentage of the expenses of maintaining your household could be deductible. (This is actually documented on a separate Form 8829.)
There are also areas of abuse that have led to rules that prohibit specific things that might otherwise be deductible. One of these areas is clothing. You might think that your business attire should be deductible, unfortunately it is not if it can be worn in public and not be clearly identifiable as a uniform. Your employer must also require you to wear it. For instance, a nurse or police officer clearly has a deductible uniform, but business people, even if they have to “look nice” for clients and wear suits, for instance, cannot deduct the cost of their clothing. I unfortunately, cannot deduct my bowties, even though it is a bit of a trademark look for me!
If you have logoed clothing with your business name, however, you would likely not have a problem if your employer requires you to wear it. A number of years ago I gave this speech to a client that was a business owner; the next year he came into my office, turned around, and sure enough, he had his business name logoed on the seat of his pants! If you do have a uniform or logoed clothing, you can also deduct the cost of laundering these items.
Logically, to the extent you are reimbursed for your expenses, you cannot deduct them. If, however, your employer includes your reimbursements in your W-2 box 1 taxable wages, you would need to claim the expenses. Also, if your employer has an accountable plan where they will reimburse you for expenses and you simply fail to submit for reimbursement, you are out of luck, and cannot deduct the expense. If the employer will not reimburse you, but you still deem the expense as helpful and appropriate, you can claim the expense.
Calculating deductible vehicle expenses can get quite complicated. The 2106 is a two page form and the entire second page is devoted to figuring out the vehicle expenses. In addition, there are other forms for the depreciation. The simplest method is to use the standard mileage rate (currently 56 cents a mile) and tracking your business miles. You can only use the standard mileage rate if you started using that method in the first year you placed the vehicle into business use. For expensive vehicles or low mileage use, this generally does not pay off. The actual expense method involves tracking all the receipts for gas, repairs, insurance, DMV fees, lease or finance payments, etc. as well as calculating and tracking depreciation expense on the vehicle. But if you have an inexpensive vehicles that you will drive a lot for a long time, you would likely be better off with the standard mileage method.
Form 2106 is the full version of the form, which allows you to not only document hard costs, but also handle vehicle expenses either through standard mileage or actual expense and depreciation. It is also used when you receive partial reimbursements from an employer. The 2106-EZ is a one page form that can be used if you do not have employer reimbursements to report and you do not use the actual expense method for calculating vehicle expenses. If you do not have vehicle expenses at all or reimbursements, you can report the hard costs directly on the schedule A, and you do not need a 2106 or 2106-EZ.
As previously mentioned, these expenses flow into the Schedule A as Miscellaneous Itemized Deductions Subject to 2% along with a few other things such as tax preparation fees and investment expenses. This means they are subject to a two percent of adjusted gross income (AGI) threshold. For example, if your AGI is $100,000, the first $2,000 of these expenses do not even count as an itemized deduction. In addition, you have to have enough itemized deductions to get over the standard deduction (2014 – $6,200 for Single and $12,400 for Married Filing Joint) before they will reduce your taxable income.
Generally, a better strategy is to get your employer to pay for these expenses, even if it means you take a lower salary as a trade-off. You are better off since you will not be subject to a two percent floor!
As with everything there are exceptions. People in the military reserves, for instance, are not subject to the two percent floor. Detailed IRS publications exist on all the rules if you are looking for some more bedtime reading!
Travis H. Long, CPA is located at 706-B Forest Avenue, PG, 93950 and focuses on trust, estate, individual, and business taxation. He can be reached at 831-333-1041.
Home Office Part I – New Option for 2013
Filed under: Home Office | Tags: $5, 2013-13, 300 sf, 300 square feet, allowed or allowable, business use of home, carryover, carryovers, depreciation, exclusion, garbage, home office, itemized deductions, maintenance, mortgage interest, office-in-home, property taxes, recapture, repairs, Rev. Proc., Revenue Procedure 2013-13, safe harbor, section 121, self-employment, standard mileage deduction, utilities, water
Comments (2) Originally published in the Cedar Street Times
July 26, 2013
In January, the IRS issued Revenue Procedure 2013-13 which discusses a new option for calculating the home office deduction. (You may want to clip this article and put it in your tax file as a reminder.) Instead of tracking the actual expenses of operating your home office such as water, utilities, garbage, repairs and maintenance, depreciation, etc., you can now elect a safe harbor $5 per square foot of qualified office space, up to 300 square feet ($1,500). It is kind of like taking a standard mileage deduction on your car instead of tracking gas and repair receipts, and calculating depreciation expense. Unlike vehicles, however, you can switch methods back and forth from one year to the next.
There are a few interesting provisions that will make it a good option for some people, and a bad option for others. In other words, when preparing your return you will need to analyze the short and long term impacts, and determine which method is best each year. Since the $5 per square foot figure is not adjusted by region or for inflation, individuals living in high cost states like California are at a disadvantage.
If there is more than one person in the house, such as a spouse or roommate, they can each use the safe harbor as long as they are not counting the same space. If one person has more than one office in the home for more than one business, the person can either use actual expenses for all the businesses, or the person must use the safe harbor for all the businesses. However, the maximum deduction allowed is still $1,500 for all the businesses in the home combined, which may have to be allocated pro rata to the businesses based on square footage used by each. If one person has qualified home offices in more than one home, the person can use the safe harbor for one home, but must use actual expenses for the other home.
When claiming the safe harbor deduction, you are allowed to take your property taxes and mortgage interest in full as itemized deductions on Schedule A as well as claiming the safe harbor deduction. On the surface this sounds like a plus, but for self-employed individuals you are effectively converting expenses that used to be on your Schedule C reducing self-employment taxes to itemized deductions which do not reduce self-employment taxes, and perhaps do not even reduce income taxes if you do not itemize.
Another big difference when claiming the safe harbor deduction is that no depreciation expense is allowed to be taken. Traditionally, any depreciation expense taken on your home is required to be recaptured at the time you sell your house, and you must pay tax on it. Even the section 121 exclusion ($250,000 tax-free gain for single/$500,000 for married couples) when living in the house for two out of the last five years will not exempt you from recapture taxes. Occasionally that can produce negative results, but it is usually helpful because it often helps people avoid income AND self-employment tax which are typically higher than recapture rates. Nonetheless, I regularly see tax returns where no depreciation was taken on a home office, to “avoid recapture.” This is incorrect as recapture rules require you to recapture any depreciation “allowed or allowable.” It does not matter whether you took the deduction or not, you are technically still on the hook for the recapture.
One other notable exception in the 15 pages of new rules explaining the safe harbor is that carryover expenses are not allowed for safe harbor years. Ordinarily, if your business produces a loss, you are not allowed to create a bigger loss from business use of home expenses with the exception of the portion of mortgage interest, property taxes, or casualty losses which would have been allowed as itemized deductions even if you had no business. The rest of the expenses get carried over to future years until you make a profit and can use the losses. Using the safe harbor, any loss generated by the safe harbor disappears forever. You would be better off in these years using actual expenses in order to preserve the losses for the future.
At the end of the day, you might as well just continue to track the actual expenses, and let your tax professional figure out which method will give you the best benefit each year.
In two weeks, we will go over the basic requirements in order to claim a home office deduction.
Prior articles are republished on my website at www.tlongcpa.com/blog.
IRS Circular 230 Notice: To the extent this article concerns tax matters, it is not intended to be used and cannot be used by a taxpayer for the purpose of avoiding penalties that may be imposed by law.
Travis H. Long, CPA is located at 706-B Forest Avenue, PG, 93950 and focuses on trust, estate, individual, and business taxation. He can be reached at 831-333-1041.
Travis H. Long, CPA, Inc. Blog 